c. Relations between the location of the elements in regard to one another and their location in regard to the subject

Psychol. Stud. = Psychological Studies, edited by W. wundt. (In the series of the Phil. Stud.)

Zeitschr. f. Psych. = Zeitschrift für Psychologie und Physiologie der Sinnesorgane, edited by ebbinghaus and nagel (formerly KÖNIG).

Arch. f. Psych. = Archiv fur die gesamte Psychologie, edited by E. meumann.

Psych. Arbeiten = Psychologische Arbeiten, edited by E. KRAEPELIN.

Amer. Jour. = American Journal of Psychology, edited by G. stanley hall, E. C. stanford and E. B. titchener.

Psych. Rev. = Psychological Review, edited by J. mark baldwin, H. C. warren and C. H. judd.

PFLÜGERS Archiv = Archiv für die ges. Physiologie, edited by E. PFLÜGER.

Arch. f. Physiol. = Archiv fur Physiologie, edited by th. W. engelmann.
 
 

The difficulties that arise in choosing English equivalents for many German words, are too familiar to require detailed discussion. The translator has derived assistance in this respect from a comparison of other standard translations, especially the English versions of falckenberg's "History of Modern Philosophy", wundt's "Lectures on Human and Animal Psychology", and KÜLPE'S "Outlines of Psychology". The terminology here employed differs, however, at many points from that used in the works mentioned. A glossary of the principal terms has been added for the benefit of those familiar with the German. The translation of the word "Perception" is unusual. If it were translated 'perception' it would be easily confused, especially in its verbal forms, with the only possible equivalent of "Wahrnehmung", "wahrnehmen", and " Anschauung". Since the process referred to by "Perception" is so entirely different from that indicated by the English word perception, it seemed best to employ a word whose signification is not so fixed. Apprehension was, accordingly, used, and the danger of confusing it with the translation of "Auffassung" was for the most part avoided by using other equivalents for the latter.

The thanks of the translator are due to the author for his courtesy throughout the progress of the work. Mr. G. H. STEMPEL has kindly aided in the task of preparing the proofsheets for the press.

Middletown, September, 1896.

THIS book has been written primarily for the purpose of furnishing my students with a brief manual to supplement the lectures on Psychology. At the same time it aims to give the wider circle of scientific scholars who are interested in psychology, either for its own sake or for the sake of its applications, a systematic survey of the fundamentally important results and doctrines of modern psychology. In view of this double purpose, I have limited myself in detailing facts to that which is most important, or to the examples that serve most directly the ends of illustration, and have omitted entirely those aids to demonstration and experiment which are properly made use of in the lecture-room. The fact that I have based this treatise on the doctrines that I have come to hold as valid after long years of labor in this field, needs no special justification. Still, I have not neglected to point out both in a general characterization (Introduction § 2), and with references in detail, the chief theories that differ from the one here presented.

The relation in which this book stands to my earlier psychological works will be apparent after what has been said. The "Grundzüge der physiologischen Psychologie"¹ aims to bring the means employed by the natural sciences, especially by physiology, into the service of psychology, and to give a critical presentation of the experimental methods of psychology, which have developed in the last few decades, together with their chief results. This special problem rendered necessary a relative subordination of the general psychological points of view. The second, revised edition of the " Vorlesungen über die Menschen- und Tierseele"²⁾ (the first edition has long been out of date) seeks to give a more popular account of the character and purpose of experimental psychology, and to discuss from the position thus defined those psychological questions which are also of more general philosophical importance. While the treatment in the "Grundzüge" is, accordingly, determined in the main by the relations of psychology to physiology, and the treatment in the "Vorlesungen" by philosophical interests, this Outlines aims to present psychology in its own proper coherency, and in the systematic order which the nature of the subject-matter seems to me to require. In doing this, however, it takes up only what is most important and essential. It is my hope that this book will not be an entirely unwelcome addition even for those readers who are familiar with my earlier works as well as with the discussion of the "Logik der Psychologie" in my "Logik der Geisteswissenschaften" (Logik, 2. Aufl., II, 2. Abt.).
 
 

^{1) A translation of this work is being prepared under the title Principles of Physiological Psychology by Professor E. B. Titchener. The first part of the first volume appeared under date 1904.}

^{2) Translated by Prof. J. E. Creighton and Prof. E. B. Titchener: "Lectures on Human and Animal Psychology", Swan Sonnenschein & Co., 1894.}

Leipzig, January 1896.

THE fourth edition contained more additions and minor revisions than did the second and third editions. The chief change is one which I introduced in compliance with a request that has frequently been made; this change consists in the addition of brief lists of reading references at the end of each of the sections and chief divisions. These references, in keeping with the general character of the book, must of course be limited to the most important contributions to the discussions in question; and not all the important references can be given, but those must be selected which will furnish the reader who wishes to go into the subject more thoroughly with easy means of finding further references for his study. Sections of my "Grundzüge der physiologischen Psychology", and my "Vorlesungen über die Menschen- und Tierseele", which have been included in these lists of references are cited from the fifth and third editions respectively, and are referred to by abbreviated titles¹⁾.

Beginning with the sixth edition a number of diagrams have been included. These are intended to render the discussions to which the figures relate more intelligible to the reader who is not acquainted with the natural sciences which contribute to psychology.
 
 

^{1) In the English edition references to the Grundzüge are given under the abbreviation Grundz.; references to the Vorlesungen are given under the abbreviated English title Lectures.}

Leipzig, March 1901 and January 1905.

—345, 346—349. There are also a number of lesser revisions. The reading references which the author inserted in his fourth edition are repeated without change of any kind except the substitution of English titles for German titles wherever this was possible. Since the references are presented by the author as a selected bibliography, it did not seem wise to make any additions. The pages on which these references appear in this edition are given in the index under "References".

Changes have been freely introduced in the phraseology of the English translation. It has not been necessary to make any significant changes in the terminology adopted for the earlier edition. The translator is under obligations to the reviewers of his work, and to a number of those who have used the book as a class text-book, for suggestions of which he has taken advantage in his work of revision. It is hoped that these friendly critics will find the present form of the translation improved at points where the earlier edition may have been open to objection. Finally, the translator wishes to acknowledge his obligations to the publisher who has spared no pains in the effort to make as easy as possible the difficult task of putting an English book through a German press.

New Haven, 1902.

THIS edition includes all that is in the seventh German edition. The principle changes since the fourth German edition, from which the second English edition was made, consist in the figures which have been added and in additions to the text which appear in this volume on the following pages: 34, 36—37, 44—46, 53, 54—55, 58, 64, 69—70, 76—77, 82 —83, 96—97, 105. 109, 111—112, 128—129, 132, 139—140, 142, 151, 154—155, 166—167, 209, 223, 224, 225—227, 235— 237, 239—242, 246, 279—281, 364—365, 367. Minor revisions need not be especially noted as they do not modify the essential character of the book. Advantage has been taken of the opportunity afforded by a resetting of the type to make a thorough revision of the English. This has not, however, led to any changes in terminology as compared with earlier editions.

New Haven, 1907.